26 results
Ten new insights in climate science 2020 – a horizon scan
- Erik Pihl, Eva Alfredsson, Magnus Bengtsson, Kathryn J. Bowen, Vanesa Cástan Broto, Kuei Tien Chou, Helen Cleugh, Kristie Ebi, Clea M. Edwards, Eleanor Fisher, Pierre Friedlingstein, Alex Godoy-Faúndez, Mukesh Gupta, Alexandra R. Harrington, Katie Hayes, Bronwyn M. Hayward, Sophie R. Hebden, Thomas Hickmann, Gustaf Hugelius, Tatiana Ilyina, Robert B. Jackson, Trevor F. Keenan, Ria A. Lambino, Sebastian Leuzinger, Mikael Malmaeus, Robert I. McDonald, Celia McMichael, Clark A. Miller, Matteo Muratori, Nidhi Nagabhatla, Harini Nagendra, Cristian Passarello, Josep Penuelas, Julia Pongratz, Johan Rockström, Patricia Romero-Lankao, Joyashree Roy, Adam A. Scaife, Peter Schlosser, Edward Schuur, Michelle Scobie, Steven C. Sherwood, Giles B. Sioen, Jakob Skovgaard, Edgardo A. Sobenes Obregon, Sebastian Sonntag, Joachim H. Spangenberg, Otto Spijkers, Leena Srivastava, Detlef B. Stammer, Pedro H. C. Torres, Merritt R. Turetsky, Anna M. Ukkola, Detlef P. van Vuuren, Christina Voigt, Chadia Wannous, Mark D. Zelinka
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- Journal:
- Global Sustainability / Volume 4 / 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 January 2021, e5
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Non-technical summary
We summarize some of the past year's most important findings within climate change-related research. New research has improved our understanding of Earth's sensitivity to carbon dioxide, finds that permafrost thaw could release more carbon emissions than expected and that the uptake of carbon in tropical ecosystems is weakening. Adverse impacts on human society include increasing water shortages and impacts on mental health. Options for solutions emerge from rethinking economic models, rights-based litigation, strengthened governance systems and a new social contract. The disruption caused by COVID-19 could be seized as an opportunity for positive change, directing economic stimulus towards sustainable investments.
Technical summaryA synthesis is made of ten fields within climate science where there have been significant advances since mid-2019, through an expert elicitation process with broad disciplinary scope. Findings include: (1) a better understanding of equilibrium climate sensitivity; (2) abrupt thaw as an accelerator of carbon release from permafrost; (3) changes to global and regional land carbon sinks; (4) impacts of climate change on water crises, including equity perspectives; (5) adverse effects on mental health from climate change; (6) immediate effects on climate of the COVID-19 pandemic and requirements for recovery packages to deliver on the Paris Agreement; (7) suggested long-term changes to governance and a social contract to address climate change, learning from the current pandemic, (8) updated positive cost–benefit ratio and new perspectives on the potential for green growth in the short- and long-term perspective; (9) urban electrification as a strategy to move towards low-carbon energy systems and (10) rights-based litigation as an increasingly important method to address climate change, with recent clarifications on the legal standing and representation of future generations.
Social media summaryStronger permafrost thaw, COVID-19 effects and growing mental health impacts among highlights of latest climate science.
MSMA and Pyrithiobac Effects on Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Development, Yield and Quality
- Mark W. Shankle, Robert M. Hayes, Vernon H. Reich, Thomas C. Mueller
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- Weed Science / Volume 44 / Issue 1 / March 1996
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 June 2017, pp. 137-142
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Field research was conducted in Tennessee at Jackson in 1991 and at Milan in 1992 to compare the effect of MSMA and pyrithiobac on cotton development, yield, and quality. In separate treatments to different plots, pyrithiobac at 0.14 kg ai ha–1 did not affect development, yield, and quality of cotton. MSMA at 2.24 kg ai ha–1 decreased cotton plant internode length 10 to 15% and height by 15% 5 wk after late treatment both years. MSMA applied to 50 cm cotton reduced subsequent plant height in 1992, but other plant characteristics were not affected. In 1991, MSMA increased squares and decreased blooms and bolls for monopodia and sympodia position one and two, which suggested a delay in plant development. In 1991, mechanical harvest lint yields were decreased by MSMA at first harvest while increasing second harvest lint yields. However, in 1991 only MSMA applied late decreased total harvest lint yield 20%. Plant mapping data determined that the yield decrease was a result of decreased yields at sympodia positions one and two. Cotton seed arsenic analysis indicated that MSMA-late increased arsenic levels by ≈ 1 ppmw in 1991 for sympodia at position one and two compared to the untreated check, while position two contained the highest level of 1.8 ppmw.
Mercury, n-alkane and unresolved complex mixture hydrocarbon pollution in surface sediment across the rural–urban–estuarine continuum of the River Clyde, Scotland, UK
- Christopher H. Vane, Vicky Moss-Hayes, Alexander W. Kim, Katherine E. Edgley, Mark R. Cave, Jenny M. Bearcock
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- Journal:
- Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh / Volume 108 / Issue 2-3 / June 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 13 November 2018, pp. 315-326
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- June 2017
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Surface sediments (n=85) from a 160-km river-estuarine transect of the Clyde, UK, were analysed for total mercury (Hg), saturated hydrocarbons and unresolved complex mixtures (UCMs) of hydrocarbons. Results show that sediment-Hg concentration ranges from 0.01 to 1.38mgkg–1 (mean 0.20mgkg–1) and a spatial trend in Hg-content low–high–low–high, from freshwater source, to Glasgow, to estuary, is evident. In summary, sediment-Hg content is low in the upper Clyde (mean of 0.05Hg mgkg–1), whereas sediments from the Clyde in urbanised Glasgow have higher Hg concentrations (0.04 to 1.26mgkg–1; mean 0.45mgkg–1), and the inner estuary sediments contain less Hg (mean 0.06mgkg–1). The highest mean sediment Hg (0.65mgkg–1) found in the outer estuary is attributed to historical anthropogenic activities. A significant positive Spearman correlation between Hg and total organic carbon is observed throughout the river estuary (0.86; P<0.001). Comparison with Marine Scotland guidelines suggests that no sites exceed the 1.5mgkg–1 criterion (Action Level 2); 22 fall between 0.25 and 1.5mgkg–1 dry wt. (Action Level 1) and 63 are of no immediate concern (<0.25mgkg–1 dry wt.). Saturated (n-alkane) hydrocarbons in the upper Clyde are of natural terrestrial origin. By contrast, the urbanised Glasgow reaches and outer estuary are characterised by pronounced and potentially toxic UCM concentrations in sediments (380–914mg/kg and 103–247mgkg–1, respectively), suggesting anthropogenic inputs such as biodegraded crude oil, sewage discharge and/or urban run-off.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. 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Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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- Edited by David G. Victor, Stanford University, California, Amy M. Jaffe, Rice University, Houston, Mark H. Hayes, Stanford University, California
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- Natural Gas and Geopolitics
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Part I - Introduction and context
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- By David G. Victor, Director, Program on Energy and Sustainable DevelopmentFreeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, Jaffe M. Amy, Wallace S. Wilson Fellow for Energy StudiesJames A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice University, Mark H. Hayes, Research Fellow, Program on Energy and Sustainable DevelopmentFreeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University
- Edited by David G. Victor, Stanford University, California, Amy M. Jaffe, Rice University, Houston, Mark H. Hayes, Stanford University, California
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Part IV - Implications
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- By David G. Victor, Director, Program on Energy and Sustainable DevelopmentFreeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, Jaffe M. Amy, Wallace S. Wilson Fellow for Energy StudiesJames A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice University, Mark H. Hayes, Research Fellow, Program on Energy and Sustainable DevelopmentFreeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University
- Edited by David G. Victor, Stanford University, California, Amy M. Jaffe, Rice University, Houston, Mark H. Hayes, Stanford University, California
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Frontmatter
- Edited by David G. Victor, Stanford University, California, Amy M. Jaffe, Rice University, Houston, Mark H. Hayes, Stanford University, California
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Acknowledgments
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- By David G. Victor, Director, Program on Energy and Sustainable DevelopmentFreeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, Jaffe M. Amy, Wallace S. Wilson Fellow for Energy StudiesJames A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice University, Mark H. Hayes, Research Fellow, Program on Energy and Sustainable DevelopmentFreeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University
- Edited by David G. Victor, Stanford University, California, Amy M. Jaffe, Rice University, Houston, Mark H. Hayes, Stanford University, California
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- Edited by David G. Victor, Stanford University, California, Amy M. Jaffe, Rice University, Houston, Mark H. Hayes, Stanford University, California
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3 - The Transmed and Maghreb projects: gas to Europe from North Africa
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- By Mark H. Hayes, Research Fellow, Program on Energy and Sustainable DevelopmentFreeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University
- Edited by David G. Victor, Stanford University, California, Amy M. Jaffe, Rice University, Houston, Mark H. Hayes, Stanford University, California
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Summary
Introduction
A snapshot of the central Mediterranean region starting in the 1970s provides an ideal case for the analysis of decision making in cross-border natural gas-transport projects. During this period the massive size of Algeria's gas reserves were well known and the Société Nationale pour le Transport et la Commercialisation des Hydrocarbures (Sonatrach), Algeria's state-owned oil and gas company, actively sought to monetize this gas through exports. Across the Mediterranean, both Italy and Spain were seeking to expand natural gas consumption. Projects to import gas from Algeria were proposed, studied, and discussed at the highest levels of government and in state-owned energy companies. Starting in the early 1970s, Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi (ENI), Italy's state-owned energy company, began to pursue a sub-sea pipeline to bring Algerian gas across the Mediterranean. The option of using ships to bring LNG from Algeria was also discussed, but the parties ultimately decided in favor of the “Transmed” pipeline and deliveries finally began in 1983. Spain also discussed numerous proposals for a gas pipeline under the Mediterranean with Sonatrach and potential French partners. However, by the mid-1980s two LNG import projects to bring gas to Spain from Algeria and Libya had been attempted and largely aborted. Only in 1996 did the Gaz Maghreb Europe pipeline transport Algerian gas under the Mediterranean to Spain (see the map in Figure 3.1).
1 - Introduction to the study
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- By Joe Barnes, Research FellowJames A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice University, Mark H. Hayes, Research Fellow, Program on Energy and Sustainable DevelopmentFreeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, Amy M. Jaffe, Rice University, David G. Victor, Director, Program on Energy and Sustainable DevelopmentFreeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University
- Edited by David G. Victor, Stanford University, California, Amy M. Jaffe, Rice University, Houston, Mark H. Hayes, Stanford University, California
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- Natural Gas and Geopolitics
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- 22 September 2009
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Summary
Natural gas is rapidly gaining importance in global energy markets. Prized for its relatively clean and efficient combustion, gas is becoming the fuel of choice for a wide array of uses, notably the generation of electric power. Natural gas is projected to be the fastest-growing major source of primary energy over the coming decades, with global consumption increasing nearly two-fold by 2030 (EIA 2004; IEA 2004). In the next few years, gas will surpass coal to become the world's second most important energy source; by 2050 gas could surpass oil to occupy the number one slot. Recent price increases do not fundamentally challenge the economic viability of this robust gas future.
There is plenty of gas to satisfy these visions of global gasification. The broadest measure of gas available totals about 350 trillion cubic meters (Tcm), or roughly 130 years at today's rate of consumption (USGS 2000). Even “proved reserves,” a narrower measure of just the gas that has been detected and is commercial to develop using today's technology, suggest that scarcity is unlikely to impede a global shift to gas. The widely referenced BP Statistical Review of World Energy reports 176 Tcm of proved gas worldwide, or nearly 70 years at current production levels (BP 2004).
The geographical, financial and political barriers to gas development, however, will be harder to clear.
List of figures
- Edited by David G. Victor, Stanford University, California, Amy M. Jaffe, Rice University, Houston, Mark H. Hayes, Stanford University, California
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10 - Politics, markets, and the shift to gas: insights from the seven historical case studies
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- By Mark H. Hayes, Research Fellow, Program on Energy and Sustainable DevelopmentFreeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, David G. Victor, Director, Program on Energy and Sustainable DevelopmentFreeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University
- Edited by David G. Victor, Stanford University, California, Amy M. Jaffe, Rice University, Houston, Mark H. Hayes, Stanford University, California
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Summary
Introduction
Most energy forecasts envision a shift to gas in the world energy system over the coming decades. To realize that vision will require tapping increasingly remote gas resources and shipping them to distant gas markets in other countries. Few analysts have explored the robustness of such projections in the real world where political and institutional factors exert strong influences on whether governments and private investors will be able to muster the capital for the long-distance pipelines and other infrastructure projects that are essential to a gas vision. Although gas has strong economic, technological, and environmental advantages over alternative energy sources, will the difficulty of securing contracts where legal institutions are weak – an attribute of nearly all the nations that are richest in gas resources – impede the outlook for global gas? Which gas resources and transportation infrastructures are likely to be developed? As gas infrastructures interconnect the world, what political consequences may follow? To help answer these questions, this study on the geopolitics of gas combines two tracks of research – one that employs seven historical case studies and another that rests on a quantitative model for projecting alternative futures for gas to 2040. Part II of this book has focused on the former – lessons from history – and this chapter examines the conclusions from the seven historical case studies presented in chapters 3–9.
Part II - Historical case studies
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- By David G. Victor, Director, Program on Energy and Sustainable DevelopmentFreeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, Jaffe M. Amy, Wallace S. Wilson Fellow for Energy StudiesJames A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice University, Mark H. Hayes, Research Fellow, Program on Energy and Sustainable DevelopmentFreeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University
- Edited by David G. Victor, Stanford University, California, Amy M. Jaffe, Rice University, Houston, Mark H. Hayes, Stanford University, California
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2 - Introduction to the historical case studies: research questions, methods and case selection
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- By Mark H. Hayes, Research Fellow, Program on Energy and Sustainable DevelopmentFreeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, David G. Victor, Director, Program on Energy and Sustainable DevelopmentFreeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University
- Edited by David G. Victor, Stanford University, California, Amy M. Jaffe, Rice University, Houston, Mark H. Hayes, Stanford University, California
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Summary
International transport of gas on a large scale is hardly a new phenomenon; since 1970, especially, governments and private investors have chosen to build and operate ever-larger gas trade projects, involving both pipelines and trains of tankers hauling LNG. This part of the book (chapters 2–10) looks to that historical experience to glean useful lessons about the factors that determine where governments and private firms have built international gas projects. In Part III, (chapters 11–13) we look to the future, building on our insights on the factors that affect expansion of gas trade infrastructures with economic models to project the development of global gas trade over the coming decades.
In probing history, we have focused on projects that extend outside the sphere of the advanced industrialized nations. If gasifying the world involved building more projects such as the pipelines that export gas from Canada to the United States, or from Norway and the Netherlands to the rest of Europe, the barriers to gasification and the geopolitical consequences of new interconnections would be few. Governments and firms have demonstrated ample interest in building and managing risks in such projects, and the advanced industrialized nations are already richly interconnected in myriad ways. What makes the shift to gas challenging – and potentially seismic in geopolitical importance – is that it requires securing supplies that originate in, cross and arrive in countries where contracts are difficult to enforce, regulatory systems are immature, and investors have been wary in deploying capital.
14 - Conclusions
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- By Amy M. Jaffe, Research Fellow, Program on Energy and Sustainable DevelopmentFreeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, Mark H. Hayes, Research Fellow, Program on Energy and Sustainable DevelopmentFreeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, David G. Victor, Director, Program on Energy and Sustainable DevelopmentFreeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University
- Edited by David G. Victor, Stanford University, California, Amy M. Jaffe, Rice University, Houston, Mark H. Hayes, Stanford University, California
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- 22 September 2009
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Summary
Natural gas is rapidly gaining in geopolitical importance. Over the last hundred years, gas has grown from a marginal fuel consumed for specialized purposes in regionally disconnected markets to a commodity that is transported globally and used in many different economic sectors. In the last forty years, especially, natural gas has become a fuel of choice for consumers seeking its relatively low environmental impact, especially for electric power-generation. Over the next thirty years, world demand for gas is expected to double, surpassing coal as the world's number two energy source and potentially overtaking oil's share in many large industrialized economies.
The vision for a world shifting to gas is not constrained by the physical abundance of the resource. The world's known (“proved”) gas reserves are sufficient for nearly seventy years of production at today's levels; the total base of potential conventional gas resources is estimated to be at least twice as large. Like oil, however, the richest gas deposits are far from the areas where demand for gas is expected to rise most rapidly. About three-quarters of the world's proven gas reserves are located in the Former Soviet Union (FSU) and the Middle East.
The integration of gas markets is the by-product of a steady and cumulative improvement in technologies for long-distance transportation of gas – pipelines and LNG. Regional and local gas trading networks are based on pipeline interconnections, and very-long-distance transportation is increasingly the province of LNG. International trade in LNG has been occurring for over forty years and involves shipments from close to a dozen countries.
Index
- Edited by David G. Victor, Stanford University, California, Amy M. Jaffe, Rice University, Houston, Mark H. Hayes, Stanford University, California
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Foreword by James A. Baker, III
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- 29 June 2006, pp xv-xvi
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Summary
The publication of Natural Gas and Geopolitics: From 1970 to 2040 could not be timelier. The sharp rise of oil and gas prices that began in 2003 has returned energy to the top of the US public policy agenda. We have been reminded, yet again, of the centrality of energy to our and the world's economic well-being. Discussion has now turned to the domestic policies and international initiatives that can help ensure a stable, reasonably priced supply of energy to global markets through the middle of the twenty-first century and beyond.
One thing is certain: natural gas will play a critical role in meeting the world's energy needs. A series of important economic, political, and technological factors – the growing global demand for energy, the ongoing deregulation of gas and electrical markets, a preference for gas as the cleanest of the hydrocarbons, and declines in the cost of producing and transporting liquefied natural gas (LNG) – have laid the groundwork for an expanded role for natural gas in the world economy.
But there are a host of obstacles to seizing the full potential of natural gas. While increased trade in LNG opens up the possibility of a truly global market for gas, the pace and ultimate scope of this historic development remains very much in doubt. The shift from governments to the private sector as lead players in major pipeline and LNG projects, though welcome, raises important questions of investor confidence, regulatory environment, political risk, and competition from other hydrocarbon fuels and renewable energy sources.